Factors That Affect The Payment Processing Services Globally

especially for small players, as the barriers of entry remain low, allowing new entrants into an already saturated market. The industry is in the mature phase as revenue growth has decreased from 10.7% in 2014, to 12.1% in 2015, to 4.0% in 2016. Although there are several macro factors that can be considered, there are a few that pertain significantly to Paychex’s payment processing operation. The first macro factor in the general environment that Paychex should consider is the opportunity to expand globally. There is a great need for a payment processing service in emerging markets around the world that Paychex has not yet taken advantage of. This would allow Paychex to increase their client base to foreign markets. Globalization is low in this industry, which is why expanding payment processing services globally would be a remarkable opportunity for Paychex. Extensive laws and regulation could potentially make it difficult for companies to successfully expand into foreign markets. Technology is another macro factor that is imperative to consider. Companies in the payroll and bookkeeping industry heavily rely on cloud, mobile, and software technology to deliver easily accessible products. Investing in SaaS, so ftware as a service, based technology solutions was one of the primary focuses of Paychex in 2015. Adapting and acclimating to technology over time will be imperative to the success of Paychex. The strategic group within the small business segment inShow MoreRelatedAmazon s Vision And Mission Of Amazon1279 Words   |  6 Pagesbroadcasting partner to development platform being driven by the spirit of innovation. Amazon is a service based company offering customers best services and providing more types of products, at lower prices and with proper reviews. Their innovations towards the technology increase the growth of Amazon. Since 1995, Amazon has significantly expanded international retail websites, its product selection, customer service centers and worldwide network (AmazonJobs). The main philosophy at Amazon is â€Å"to createRead MoreExamples Of Facility Upgrade In Technology And Patient Care1705 Words   |  7 PagesImplementing any new technology will involve complex process change and learning curve at the micro level for both patients and professionals. This review will address such problems and factors moving to an electronic record keeping system, focusing on impact within the hospital and healthcare community. Factors: Patient Paper Record Limitations As the practice of healthcare evolves with treatment of patients, so should the way patient care is documented and shared. 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They provide financialRead MoreBank of America3692 Words   |  15 Pagesvarious banking and financial products and services for individual consumers, small and middle market businesses, institutional investors, corporations, and governments in the United States and internationally. The company’s Consumer amp; Business Banking segment offers traditional and money market savings accounts, CDs and IRAs, checking accounts, and investment accounts and products, as well as credit and debit cards; and lending re lated products and services, working capital management, and treasuryRead MoreInformation Technology : An Adaptive And Innovative Organization Essay3545 Words   |  15 Pagestechnology to business strategy is a essential, because the impact technology plays in helping to drive financial, management and operational are tremendously effective, innovative and adaptive to affect business strategy penetration to targeted market. Gartner (2013) reported that the first factor why Chief Information Officer (CIO) used information technology is because to increase the enterprise development followed by to deliver operational results which means to make the business operate much

International Terrorism †the World’s Greatest Challenge Today Free Essays

Today the threat of terrorism is becoming more and more serious. Terrorism is considered the greatest threat against the safety of the world, and especially the USA, today. The extent of the terrorism has increased significantly over the last couple of years, since the terrorist attacks against the US on the 11th of September 2001. We will write a custom essay sample on International Terrorism – the World’s Greatest Challenge Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now After these attacks former president of the US, George Bush declared a war against terrorism. There are various opinions about what can be defined as terrorism. Because there are so many situations that can be defined as terrorism, it is be very difficult to find an exact definition. Many countries have different definitions, and the definitions have also changed over the years. Not even the UN has managed to agree about one common definition. In short we can say that terrorism is some sort of attack at civilians to achieve a political goal. Terrorism has existed for many centuries, but in the last couple of years the attacks have become more extensive and the devastations has become greater. In the future scientists expect that the terrorists will carry out actions with weapons of mass destruction such as chemical, radiological and biological weapons. The war on terrorism is a global campaign led by the USA. The goal is to fight international groups that are considered to be terroristic. They especially focus on radical Islamic terror groups, such as the Al-Qaida. Today the war on terrorism goes on in countries such as Afghanistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Iraq, and Israel. Many human rights organizations have criticized the war on terrorism because they think it in many cases can lead to violations of the human rights. Around the globe there are various terrorist organizations, all with different goals and reasons for their terrorist-activities. The most known group today might be the Al – Qaida which origins form Afghanistan, but has become an international organization. The Al-Qaida became known after the terrorist actions on the 11th of September 2001 when 4 airplanes were hijacked. Two of them were flown into the two main buildings of the World Trade centre in New York. One airplane was crashed into the Pentagon, and the last airplane crash-landed in a field in Pennsylvania. After these attacks the USA decided to attack Afghanistan. The leader of Al-Qaida is Osama Bin Laden who has been hiding from the US troops ever since the war started. The reasons for Al-Qaida’s actions are based on the Islamic â€Å"Sharia† – laws. They want to fight the states they consider a threat against Islam, and especially the USA and Israel. The Al-Qaida leaders encourage all Muslims to kill American citizens, both military and civilians. We can separate the terrorist actions into two main groups; local and international terrorism. Local terrorism consists of actions such as suicide missions, car bombings and so on. International terrorism is actions where the citizens and/or territory of several countries are affected. There are many situations that can lead to the use of terrorism. Terrorism can occur in both poor as well as wealthy countries, and in both democracies and states under different kinds of dictatorship. However, terrorism is most likely to occur in countries that are characterized by poverty and oppression. People in poor countries might feel like they are subjected to an unfair distribution of the world’s wealth. Poverty is claimed to be an underlying part of all the causes of terrorism. Terrorism is a global issue that has to be fought globally. Organizations like the UN, NATO and the EU have the war against international terrorism as their highest priority. The UN is currently working on a convention that can be an important part of handling terrorism. They have also established a strategy on how we can fight the terrorism. But we still have a long way to go, and the world might never be completely terror-free. However, if we work on preventing planned terrorist-actions and focus on improving the circumstances that lead to terrorism, the amount of terrorism could be decreased significantly. How to cite International Terrorism – the World’s Greatest Challenge Today, Essay examples

Analyzing a Concept The Weight Loss Epidemic free essay sample

Stewart, M. April 28, 2011 Eng-105 Carpena, Heidi Analyzing a Concept (Weight Loss Epidemic) Weight-loss products and treatments have increased tremendously in our society, when diet pills and exercising does not work, people find other alternatives such as, lipotropic injections one of the latest weight loss solution, these injections reduces weight and increases energy with noticeable results, where as diet pills and fitness sometimes fail. Lipotropic injections are a combination of B12 amino acid compounds: methionine, choline, inositol and beta in these ingredients serve as critical agents to body’s use of fat. Lipotropic injections are injected into the muscle under the skin and fatty tissues, in certain parts of the body, these injections cause overall weight loss by increasing metabolism and energy levels. After several injections, a person should experience more energy, increased fat burning and significant weight loss, increased calories intake leads to the loss of fat from the body. Injections are given at medical clinics, weight-loss clinics, doctors offices, hospitals, and day spas by health providers, weight-loss specialists, dietitians, and a person can also administer the injection themselves when given a written prescription from their doctor. Individuals can undergo the procedure twice a week if they chose to; a person is expected to shed up to three pounds a week with a proper diet along with exercise. These injections cost about twenty dollars per injection. Lipotropic offer many health benefits aside from weight-loss, lipotropic enhance the function of liver, detoxifies the body, increases metabolism, and store glycogen, a form of glucose. If a person has a healthy liver it will properly secret bile more effectively, which aids in the digestion and the breakdown of fats. Weight loss specialists believe that lipotropic injections boost the immune system it stimulates the growth of antibodies, that help detect and destroy foreign tissues. Many claim that lipotropic injections suppress the appetite and help in the lowering of cholesterol, lipotropic are known to enhance mood, vitality and overall health. These injections are given to individuals desiring to lose weight in all parts of the body, where exercising does not work. Lipotropic injections are different from liposuction, lipotropic only help to dissolve fat from problem areas, where as liposuction is a method used to permanently remove unwanted fat from any part of the body. The possible side effects associated with the use of lipotropic injections are associated with urinary problems caused by the excessive pressure the injection puts on the kidney, depression is also a common side effect. Inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, other risks include: infections, allergic reactions, or bleeding. Individuals suffering with any kind of heart disease should always consult with their doctor before trying lipotropic or any other weight-loss product. Some peoples, who have received the injections, complain about unexplained pain in their neck, and different parts of their arms. Many patients even experience joint pains, the reason is unclear as to how lipotropic injections can cause so many discomforts and yet still remain on the market. Losing weight has never been an easy task, as the years come and go scientist are experimenting with different weight-loss methods, some turn out to be a success while others are a disappointment. Obesity is one of the world’s largest epidemics that have caused an increase on our society’s health issues. Maybe one day someone will invent a cure to fight obesity. The use of injections for weight loss is more efficient than tablets, the absorption rates are higher and the results are faster and efficient. Obesity is one of the leading cause of death in the world, it has been linked to many of today’s harmful diseases; high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, triglycerides and fatty liver disease just to name a few. There are preventive weight loss surgeries that have had a significant impact on the fight against obesity. Many individuals are struggling to lose unhealthy weight; it is easy to gain weight than to lose it. Bariatric weight loss surgery is the most successful one of them all; doctors are also considering Bariatric surgery as an instant cure for type 2 diabetes in some patients. More than half of the United States of America suffers from being overweight; this is a major health crisis that has increased throughout the years. Not only are adults at risk, but our kids are at a higher risk of becoming obese when they reach adulthood, from lack of exercising and eating right. Since the sixties the number for obese teenagers has tripled. An individual life expectancy has dropped tremendously, due to the rise in obesity sweeping the nation like the plagued. An individual main focus should be targeted towards a lifestyle change to aide in the fight against obesity; a dangerous approach would be self-starvation. We as a society must find a way to stop this plagued together, before it destroys us as one. This lifelong war on our health should seize to exist; doctors and scientists should search for a preventable cure to rid the world of this epidemic in advance if possible. References Singer, Harmony eHow Contributor, What Are Lipotropic B12 Injections, February 4, 2010 Larson, Sandy (Ezine Articles (2010) How Effective are Lipotropic Shots for Weight loss http://ezinearticles. com/? Lipotropic-InjectionsHow-Effective-are-Lipotropic-Shots-For-Weight-LossMy-Storyid=828063 Smith, Meagan Crawford, Alexandria ehow Contributor (2011), Lipotropic Injection for Weight Loss http://www. ehow. com/how_5024273_give-lipotropic-injection. html Excess Weight Gain, Obesity – A Growing Epidemic. Excess Weight Gain, Obesity – Cause of Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertension and More Web. 01 May 2011. http://weight. insulitelabs. com/Epidemic. php

Spartan Warfare Essays - Phalanx, Sparta, Macedonian Phalanx

Spartan Warfare In the 7th Century BC a new era of warfare strategy evolved. Before this new strategy, foot soldiers engaged in battle in the form of one mob for an army. Then on the command of their generals they would run at each other and proceed to hack blindly at the enemy in front of them with little or no objective other than to kill him. This proved to be very messy and the victor of battle depended mostly on emotion and size of these mobs. In the name of strategy and organization, the phalanx was developed. A phalanx is simply defined as a line formation with its width significantly larger then its depth. The depth of the phalanx is a variable which some suggest was decided by the army itself rather then by the leaders of the army. The smallest depth appears to have been that of one man deep. However this was a unique occurrence which is widely believed to be fictitious. The largest depth is that of 120 men deep which fielded at one time by the Macedonians. On average, the depth of the pha lanx appears to be about eight men deep. During the time of Alexander the Great, the phalanx was believed to be eight men deep, but some argue that it evolved into a sixteen man deep phalanx. The Spartans purposely varied the depth of their phalanx so as to confuse the enemy about the number of soldiers fielded. The phalanx proved to be a very valuable weapon for the military at that time. Armies that did not adapt to the phalanx formation were quickly slaughtered.

columbine essays

columbine essays The tragedy at Columbine High School is something that will be remembered and talked about for many years to come. People from across the nation have all heard about this event. But there are still a couple questions that people have. For instance whos to blame? The kids alone, the parents for how they brought the children up, or even actually the students at Columbine? Most say that the parents are to blame, but who actually knows? In my opinion the only two people that can actually answer this question truthfully are both dead. Everyone wants answers. Did the kids have help? Who was it? Who sold them the weapons and why? Why did they do this? How could they do this? I had a class about the last question. Who could actually go into a room and commit a crime of massacre in a school of people that you know and have grown up with? Most of our class thought that they couldnt ever get enough anger to do anything even remotely as bad, but when you actually think about it, if you had no fr iends and where made fun of all the time. It looked like your parents, teachers, and even all your own piers where against you. I think anyone could snap and maybe even do something as drastic as this (Why at Columbine High). Did the boys, Dylan Klebold, 17, and Eric Harris, 18, have any help doing this crime. As of yet no one has true evidence that proves they did except they did find who sold them the weapons. Police found around thirty small bombs and one twenty-pound propane bomb in the school, enough explosives to blow the school into almost nothing. For this reason people believe that the boys either had to have help or they had visited the school many times to plan this assault. No one talking though and no proof has been found. Their not only looking for information from someone that could point to someone that had helped theyre also looking for someone that had known that this was going to happen, so that they may find the answ...

Boston Marathon Bombing

The whole issue started when two bombs struck near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, turning the prepared celebrations into a bloody scene of destruction. According to what was said by Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis, the death toll had been three. Scores were injured at the scene. One of the dead was an 8-year-old boy, according to a state law enforcement source. Hospitals reported at least 144 people are being treated. At least eight of the patients are children. At least 10 people injured had limbs amputated, was treated by serial operations later on. Some injuries were so severe amputations were necessary. This all because of two mad young brothers vowed to protect and respect America and praised Allah to bless it. Some words are there about police deep failure said by many Americans connecting it to the failure of the CIA and FBI to prevent the 9/11 attacks, even though many of the perpetrators were known to these agencies and were being tracked. Despite the staggering security lapses that were acknowledged in the aftermath of 9/11, no high-level officials were fired. The American mass media have ignored an a report in the Russian newspaper Izvestia that it is in possession of documents from the Georgian Interior Ministry revealing that Tamerlan Tsarnaev , the guy who operated the attacks, attended a workshop in Georgia in the summer of 2012 sponsored by an organization called the Caucasus Fund, whose purpose was to recruit operatives in the northern Caucasus. The Georgian Interior Ministry has denied Izvestia ’s allegations, insisting that Tsarnaev never set foot in Georgia while all the American agencies were taking a nap out of all this. The US government has a long tradition of cultivating ties with such reactionary forces. It played a central role in fomenting radical Islamism in Afghanistan before and during the Soviet-Afghan war of the 1980s, in an effort to undermine Soviet influence in the region. The emergence of Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda, which evolved out of the organization that oversaw logistical support to the Islamist anti-Soviet fighters, was the direct product of this war. Bin Laden is the first suspect in the attacks of 9/11 and recently killed near the boundary area between Pakistan and Afghanistan. ( New questions on Boston bombing suspects’ ties to us intelligence, 2013) The US intelligence community should change his way of treatment going deeper into the reasons of such attacks to cut them off. No single justification will be accepted if any other American has been killed over the American Land by the hand of a terrorist. There is so much money and endless funds are spent for the sake of the national security. Those people are to work harder without any faults because a small damned fault can cost American people certain death. That’s the only recommendation to be given to prevent any coming attack. References 1. Andrea , P. (2013). New questions on boston bombing suspects’ ties to us intelligence. Retrieved from http://www. wsws. org/en/articles/2013/04/29/izve-a29. html

Folktale assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Folktale - Assignment Example The morale of the story is not to take advice from the devil/fox/sharpest person as they always give open ended advice which can end in either way victory or loss. They never assure sincerity on the cost of their personal security. Secondly, brain power is necessary for any fight to become a success or loss, the more the merry one is. Once a Bear and Fox met while jogging, the Bear asked Fox , â€Å"who do you think is the cleverest of all creatures?†. Fox replied, â€Å"Of course, who else; the creator of artificial intelligence gadgets, facebook, google and cloning; the eminent Man.† Bear with his gigantic head and sturdy physique took it as an insult. He suggested to Fox that he can fight with man’s intelligence in just one blow. The fox and Bear sat on the bench and waited for the other joggers to pass by. A lady passed by and Bear asked her, who she was? She said, â€Å"I am Kim Kardashian, the reality television star.† The Bear grunted in disgust, â€Å"No, good for nothing!† requested her to continue her Jog. Fox and Bear waited and a young girl came across, the Bear stood in the path stopped her and asked her who she was. The girl replied, â€Å"I am not a girl, I am Justin Beiber a famous singer and iconic pop-star.† The Bear looked closely and said, â€Å"You definitely sound like a girl.† But his perfume and pink pants made him nauseated and he let him go quickly. Next came a police officer, the Bear jumped in between the path and asked, â€Å"Who are you?† The officer took out the gun and yelled, â€Å"Put your hands behind your head or I’ll shoot you!† Fox shouted, â€Å"He’s a man!† In no time Bear landed a KungFu Panda Kick to the officer and he fell far away. Bear gave a devilish smile to the Fox but just after a moment he was electrocuted by another officer. Bear severely injured stood up with difficulty and hid behind bushes. When he looked around for Fox to help him,

Development and management of a visitor attraction Assignment

Development and management of a visitor attraction - Assignment Example This attraction site is popular and it accommodates more than fourteen million tourists per year. This is a place, which is appealing to visitors of different walks of life. The place usually has the cultural value and the dà ©cor and ambience admired by the visitors. The visitor attraction attraction site is also abundant of historical significance. In this regard, the place is expected to have extinct animals like the white elephants and other cultural artifacts. The definition of this term is usually difficult because it encompasses many attraction geographical aspects. It is also known as a tourist attraction sites. The term accommodates all categories of people ranging from the most affluent in society to the poorest in society (Todd, 2008). The tourist attraction is usually refers to a place where local and foreign tourists visit to see wild animals and other cultural artifacts belonging to different communities. The attraction site can be a museum. Tradition sisters also possess man-made beauty items. England has had a big sector for tourism for a long time. However, the economic downturn of 2008 affected the sector. The sector is boost by many visitors from the Western countries especially the US. The revenue collected from the tourists was estimate at $5.9 billion in the year 2010 .This indicates that the national budget of the country is funded by the tourism sector. Dickenson and Houston (2008) conjecture that there was a record high of 5.4 million tourists from the international community in the year 2011.The major attraction site for the visitors in US include the Lakes beach, the . In addition, the rainforests, the Pantanal and the sand dunes contribute to the many features, which attract many visitors into the country across the globe. The number of international tourists in England started increasing between the year 2000 and 2005. There was a steady growth in the number of

Understand the communication process Essay Example for Free

Understand the communication process Essay 1.Identify two key stages in the communication process. (2 marks) The two key stages in the communication process are the sender who sends the message and the recipient who receives the message. Eg: when I send message to my friend I become the sender and when she receives the message she becomes the receiver. 2.Identify two barriers to communication and briefly explain how these two barriers can be overcome.(4 marks) The two barriers to communication are insufficient preparation and noisy environment. To overcome preparation barriers we need to plan ahead and prepare before communicating. We need to figure out what we are planning to deliver and whether we need feedback or not .And also thinking about the recipient reaction and the communication media they might have so that you can choose the best media to communicate. And to overcome noisy environment barrier we need to hold the meeting in the meeting room if it is face-to-face communication, while talking on the phone we can go to a less noisy place and communicate. Understanding methods of communication 3.List two methods of communication that you could use with your team and state when it would be appropriate to use each of the methods you have listed (4 marks) The two methods of communication that I can use in our team are face-to-face communication and leaving messages on the notice board. We can use face-to-face communication on giving briefing about what we are planning to do today which we do every morning before opening the Nursery. This way we can communicate well with each other and can receive feedbacks so that everyone knows their role for the day .And we can use notice board to leave messages to the parents and staffs as well .We can give them notice on what days the children are having extra activities, about parent and staff meeting and so on. 4.Identify one written method of communicating with someone outside your team and identify one advantage and one disadvantage of using the method you have identified. (3 marks) The written method of communication that we can use with someone outside our team is through formal letter. The advantage of sending formal letter is we can have it as a proof later and we get time to think and plan what should be written in the letter. The disadvantage would be there would be chances it might get lost on the way so the recipient might not receive it and through this method we wont be able to receive feedback soon. Understanding the importance of maintaining accurate records of one-to-one communication 5.Briefly describe two methods of maintaining accurate records of one-to-one oral communication(2 marks) The two methods of maintaining accurate records of one-to-one oral communication are making notes in the diary while having the conversation so that in future we know what actually we discussed and the other one is conforming by email. By doing this we have a proof that we agreed on something through communication and it conforms the things we talked and agreed on our oral communication. The other method is e-mail, which conforms what has been said to someone to prevent any misunderstanding or forgetfulness or to let someone else know what has been said or agreed.

Inaccuracies Of The Consumer Price Index (cpi) :: essays research papers

Inaccuracies of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) The Consumer Price Index is a measure of the prices of a fixed market basket of some 300 consumer goods and services purchased by a "typical" urban consumer. The 1982-1984 period serves as the base period so analysts can compare other year's changes with this base period. The composition of the market basket is fixed in the base period and is assumed not to change from one period to another. The reason for the assumption is because the CPI measures the costliness of a constant standard of living. Critics claim that the CPI is inaccurate because it overstates the increases in the cost of living. For this reason, the CPI has been said to be inaccurate. First, consumers do change their spending patterns. Even though the composition off the market basket is assumed not to change, it does because consumers change their spending patterns. Because consumers substitute lower priced products in lieu of higher priced ones, the weight has shifted. The CPI assumes that this does not occur and therefore it overcompensates the standard of living. Secondly, because the base period was over a decade ago, the quality of the products has increased significantly, and therefore the prices should be higher. The CPI, however, assumes that the increases in prices is a result of inflation rather than quality improvements which is false. Here also, the CPI overstates the rate of inflation. Many consumers do not mind the overcompensation of the CPI because in most cases it means more money in their pockets, but there are some consequences. This may cause an ongoing inflation trend. The reason why the government does not restrict it is because they are worried about getting re-elected. Even if the President does call for a revision of the CPI, Congress would defeat it to keep their positions. Another consequence of the overstated CPI involves the adjustment of tax brackets. Their intent of indexing is to prevent inflation to cause people to be placed into a higher tax bracket. For example, if your income increases by 10%, that may put you in a higher level tax bracket, but if product prices have also

Hazel Essay

Hazel who worked for Fortune 500 Company for 15 years shows her loyalty and devotion in the company. It is surprising therefore why she was one of the chosen employees to be terminated by the new CEO to downsize the company. It is a question whether Hazel tried to ask the company why she was terminated despite the fact that she has been with the company in the long period of time. It is a need for her to know to fully understand the reasons. It might be even beneficial for her in long run to improve her weaknesses, flaws and mistakes if there are any. The rejection she’s receiving from her application in finding employment must be very hard for her. But her need of survival motivated her to try another line of job. It must be very challenging since she was used to office or paper works perhaps, from the company she previously worked to. Moving lawns, weeding gardens, and trimming shrubbery are all not an easy job. It requires so much energy, effort and perspiration. But Hazel perceived it optimistically believing that it will do her good in the long run. After 15 years being used to be governed and overshadowed by the company’s superiors, rules and policies, Hazel is now taking a different path. She can be more creative in this way in managing her life in terms of time management, communication with her clients, service price and all. Now everything is not routinary. In addition to this she can be more in touch with her clients thus creating opportunities to make friends and learn more. From being an employee, she now has her own business in accordance to her interest and creativity. She can creatively fashion her neighbor’s backyard. Her business will eventually give her opportunities to apply her learning’s from her previous job. It is not bad to make some switch in career at times especially with Hazel’s case after a number of years of building experience and gaining knowledge in one particular field or profession. However switching a career can be wonderful chance to identify some careers that match well with your skill set and personality. Hazel will learn to be flexible in the long run who can both explore blue and white collar jobs.

Adrienne Rich

This essay will present the motif of the mapmaker in Adrienne Rich’s book Atlas of the Difficult World.   The themes throughout the book will be extolled in this essay and dissected through the theme of this subject brought together through metaphor, concrete imagery and the allusion to place as well as destination which Rich suggests throughout her work in concepts both metaphysical, and real.Rich’s title poem of Atlas of the Difficult World brings forth a voice which is cut into a duality of realism as well as a harsh sense of that reality.   The images prevalent in this poem brings the images of the map into a bizarre reality which suggests a striking and honest concept of Americana in a disturbing light.   This is the key factor of the theme of map in Rich’s Atlas of the Difficult World: which is, in the very least, best described as disturbing.The title poem relates to the reader the concept of women’s work.   This poem then imagines for the r eaders the idea of placement such as topographical, geographical or landscape; Rich presents the concept to the reader of where a woman is in relation to the margins of the country.The poem further expounds upon this notion by suggesting the idea, or rather of questioning the reader as to the nature of the woman’s   place in relation to ‘our’ consciousness in a topographical sense of the term.   This would seem as though Rich is delving into a political stream of consciousness, but it is in the map, in the geography, or landscape which rests as the pinnacle of the poem’s place as it relates to the reader.In the issue of maps, of place, Rich also brings forth the concept of roles, of patriarchy and the woman’s dialectic towards such a predestined role.   Rich goes on to extrapolate from the concept of topography the idea of a woman’s place, or women’s work.The poem is a tantalizing tease between the idea of women’s work in the margins of the country, and the map of women’s recorded obsequious nature, but not her unrecorded consciousness as to her own definition of place.  Ã‚   The title poem then serves as a gateway from the speaker to the reader through the path of topography into the un-traversed landscape of indirect and misguided concepts of what women’s work is, and the conscious factor of that work and its place in the United States.   The poem serves as an undercurrent to an alternative to the idea of landscape, of the United States in regards to feminism (as is a standard theme in Rich’s poems), politics, and personal space.The way in which boundaries of the ‘map’ (politics, consciousness, gender, etc.) are disregarded by the speaker is a fundamental element in the poem; this disregard allows for both the speaker and the reader to explore other areas of the typography, and the structure of such devices as gender, roles, etc.Thus, the speaker allows the rea der to realize the relation of self, role, politics, and all of the above, to the composition of the atlas, and the role that an individual, or in this case, the role of the reader as a map reader:I promised to show you a map you say but this is a mural then yes let it be these are small distinctions where do we see it from is the question (pt. II, ll. 22-24).Thus, the concept of personal roles comes into play in the poem as a question of perspective.The role of the narrator then is to allow the reader a chance to be guided through the atlas.   The atlas in the poem pays attention to not only geography but also stories; such stories are in relation to historical facts as well as personal lives.This allows the reader to respond to the poem through various avenues of perspective such as they may be presented through historical place, and geography as well as body and mind locations; thus, each reading of the poem by individual readers will give a different perspective of the atlas s ince each reader is coming from their own personal frame of reference.The poet, the narrator comes into the poem and suggests or brings forth to the reader the daring possibility of questioning their own place in the atlas, the landscape.This challenge is perpetuated from the concept of women’s work, and the changing definition of what that entails, â€Å"These are not roads / you knew me by. But the woman driving, walking, watching / for life and death, is the same† (pt. I, ll. 77-79).The narrator presents women on the map, or the road to the reader, and the reader in turn becomes an active part of the poem since the reader brings their own interpretation through personal reference to the perspective of these women.The poems then are different roads along the entirety of the atlas, and the question which the poet reiterates to the reader is where do the poems take the reader; which direction?   Thus, affirmation of the role of the map is a central motif in Rich†™s Atlas of a Difficult World.The following poems of Atlas of a Difficult World then are each designed as a road into the different parts of the atlas on different levels and from different perspectives.  Ã‚   The poems are not limited to the topography of the atlas but also delve into the history of the place.   There are thirteen parts of the book which in turn are vignettes which come from a myriad of women’s lives.The voice which Rich lends to each ‘story’ is relatively urgent and gives the reader a sense that it is important that they read these lines not only for the benefit of the woman who lived the story but for the reader’s personal benefit since it is with the reader that a continuation and change in the story may occur.   This allows the reader to become part of an oral history for the nation, and thus a map maker in a sense, as memory is presented by Rich as a type of map, it is with this metaphor that the poems progress.   It is by recognizing the importance of history, even in small characters that allows for the roles of women to change from obsequious to strong willed; from patriarchal to gynocentric.   Rich’s purpose in her poems is a striking narrative of forcing the reader to notice how women have been excluded in large part from the history, the geography of the land, the United States’ history.Thus, through use of landscape and the connection of landscape to events, Rich gives the reader a chance to notice these women.In Part I of Atlas of a Difficult World, Rich gives testimonies from a myriad of women who have a vast knowledge of economic hardship which incites fear and which either delays or spurns action forward.   There is also a theme of silence and the breaking of silence in the atlas, the memory of these moments with the different women in the poems.There is one poem which gives details of an unknown woman who was murdered:   The woman was a farm worker who had been in deep exposure to toxins:   â€Å"Malathion in the throat, communion, / the hospital at the edge of the fields, / prematures slipping from unsafe wombs† (ll. 8-10).This woman has a type of communion with death, and her character is anonymous because there are countless other women who are or were in the same situation, so many that their story became one story it had been told too often that the names were unimportant and then, eventually her story was forgotten.   Rich brings the concept of the mapmaker as a memory harvester into her poems to give the reader an interactive part in the poem.Since this story is being retold to the reader, the reader must carry it in their memory, and thus give credit to the live that died, to the woman.   The woman had been oppressed and exposed to environmental dangers, and because the woman had worked to survive but died anyway, it is important that her life be chartered into this ‘atlas’ of memory, of story.Rich does not want t he idea of denial of memory to play a major role in the development of the country, of the atlas as she writes, â€Å"I don't want to hear how he beat her . . ., / tore up her writing . . . / . . . I don't want to know / wreckage† (ll. 39-40, 48-49).The interesting factor in this woman’s story is that her small death is actually a beginning of a national cover up story, and thus, her story becomes part of the landscape of history, however minute.   The woman’s death is a national cover up which involved violence and amoral behavior and which were the opposite of the striving of America, in industry.   Through the denial of this story, history is changed, is made false through the help of the media.This theme of denial changes the landscape of the map, it erases important structures of the geography, and this lead into Part V of Atlas of a Difficult World in which a queer woman is murdered and yet, her story does not succumb to erasure:I don't want to know ho w he tracked them along the Appalachian Trail, hid close by their tent, pitched as they thought in seclusion killing one woman, the other dragging herself into town his defense they had teased his loathing of what they were I don't want to know but this is not a bad dream of mine (ll. 45-51).In Parts II and III, the poem becomes an evocation of the American ideal or geography.   The poems exercise their voice towards symmetry or balance in history in which women’s history is not erased or ruined or made to seem slavish, but instead integrates the real roles of women.In Part IV the poems introduce mourning of the women lost in the margins of the atlas, whose stories were covered up or never known, and the poem cries for ‘still unbegun work of repair’ (1. 25).   In this part, women are alluded to as prisoners, â€Å"locked away out of sight and hearing, out of mind, shunted aside / those needed to teach, advise, persuade, weigh arguments / those urgently neede d for the work of perception† (ll. 19-21).It seems that Rich is suggesting that these women were covered up in the landslide of the country, or that they were unchartered in its conception, unrecognized.In Parts VI-VIII Rich gives the allusion of the map and the lives of the women unraveling which becomes apparent as the men in the stories, or poems went on dreaming large dreams in the landscape of the history of the atlas, while the women went on with untold stories of contention, they women went on without receiving.Rich goes on to state in these parts that the men continued in the map of the country thinking, and Rich suggests the irony of this by stating, â€Å"Slaves – you would not be that† (pt. VI, l. 14).   This is a main point made by Rich in which she is stating that the men did not allow themselves to be considered or made slaves through physical force nor psychological devices but that women and others had to bear that history.There is a culmination of the focus of map making in Parts IX-XI which studies the fragmentation of the atlas through false history, as Rich states through the narrator, â€Å"one woman / like and unlike so many, fooled as to her destiny, the scope of her task† (pt. XI, ll. 16-17).In Part XII Rich gives the reader a chance of seeing restoration in the land through the recognition of women’s roles and values by giving the reader these lines to ponder, â€Å"What homage will be paid to a beauty built to last / from inside out . . . / I didn't speak then / of your beauty at the wheel beside me . . . / – I speak of them now† (ll. 1-2, 9-10, 18).Thus, being a mapmaker, or a keeper of true history is the legacy Rich gives to her readers.   It is through the role of speaking and not remaining silent, of allowing the atlas to grow, and of exploring the roads which were once unchartered that Rich’s motif of map making is an allusion to recognition of women’s history, as Rich writes, â€Å"I know you are reading this poem† throughout the last part because the poem aspires to be nothing less than the unspoken, archetypal stories women know well.Rich concludes, â€Å"I know you are reading this poem because there is nothing else left to read / there where you have landed, stripped as you are† (ll. 36-37) which in its honesty gives women a place on the atlas of the United States instead of remaining in the margins, in the back alleys of the topography.Work CitedRich, A.   An Atlas of a Difficult World.   W.W. Norton & Company.   1991.

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